LINUX
Linux is a
Unix-like computer operating system assembled under the model of free and
open-source software development and distribution. The defining component of
Linux is the Linux kernel an operating system kernel first released on
September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds.The Free Software Foundation uses the name
GNU/Linux to describe the operating system, which has led to some controversy.
Linux was
originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel x86
architecture, but has since been ported to more platforms than any other
operating system. Because of the dominance of Android on smartphones, Linux has
the largest installed base of all general-purpose operating systems.Linux is
also the leading operating system on servers and other big iron systems such as
mainframe computers, and is used on 99.6% of the TOP500 supercomputers.
LINUX DISTRIBUTION
A Linux
distribution (often abbreviated as distro) is an operating system made from a
software collection, which is based upon the Linux kernel and, often, a package
management system. Linux users usually obtain their operating system by
downloading one of the Linux distributions, which are available for a wide
variety of systems ranging from embedded devices (for example, OpenWrt) and
personal computers (for example, Linux Mint) to powerful supercomputers (for
example, Rocks Cluster Distribution).
A typical
Linux distribution comprises a Linux kernel, GNU tools and libraries,
additional software, documentation, a window system (the most common being the
X Window System), a window manager, and a desktop environment. Most of the
included software is free and open-source software made available both as
compiled binaries and in source code form, allowing modifications to the
original software. Usually, Linux distributions optionally include some
proprietary software that may not be available in source code form, such as
binary blobs required for some device drivers. A Linux distribution may also
be described as a particular assortment of application and utility software
(various GNU tools and libraries, for example), packaged together with the
Linux kernel in such a way that its capabilities meet the needs of many
users.[2] The software is usually adapted to the distribution and then packaged
into software packages by the distribution's maintainers. The software packages
are available online in so-called repositories, which are storage locations
usually distributed around the world.Beside glue components, such as the
distribution installers (for example, Debian-Installer and Anaconda) or the
package management systems, there are only very few packages that are
originally written from the ground up by the maintainers of a Linux
distribution.
FILE SYSTEM
In computing, a file system or file system is used to control how data is stored and retrieved. Without a file system, information placed in a storage medium would be one large body of data with no way to tell where one piece of information stops and the next begins. By separating the data into pieces and giving each piece a name, the information is easily isolated and identified. Taking its name from the way paper-based information systems are named, each group of data is called a "file". The structure and logic rules used to manage the groups of information and their names is called a "file system".
There are many different kinds of file systems. Each one has different structure and logic, properties of speed, flexibility, security, size and more. Some file systems have been designed to be used for specific applications. For example, the ISO 9660 file system is designed specifically for optical discs.
File systems can be used on numerous different types of storage devices that use different kinds of media. The most common storage device in use today is a hard disk drive. Other kinds of media that are used include flash memory, magnetic tapes, and optical discs. In some cases, such as with tmpfs, the computer's main memory (random-access memory, RAM) is used to create a temporary file system for short-term use.
Some file systems are used on local data storage devices;[1] others provide file access via a network protocol (for example, NFS,[2] SMB, or 9P clients). Some file systems are "virtual", meaning that the supplied "files" (called virtual files) are computed on request (e.g. procfs) or are merely a mapping into a different file system used as a backing store. The file system manages access to both the content of files and the metadata about those files. It is responsible for arranging storage space; reliability, efficiency, and tuning with regard to the physical storage medium are important design considerations.
FILE SYSTEM
In computing, a file system or file system is used to control how data is stored and retrieved. Without a file system, information placed in a storage medium would be one large body of data with no way to tell where one piece of information stops and the next begins. By separating the data into pieces and giving each piece a name, the information is easily isolated and identified. Taking its name from the way paper-based information systems are named, each group of data is called a "file". The structure and logic rules used to manage the groups of information and their names is called a "file system".
There are many different kinds of file systems. Each one has different structure and logic, properties of speed, flexibility, security, size and more. Some file systems have been designed to be used for specific applications. For example, the ISO 9660 file system is designed specifically for optical discs.
File systems can be used on numerous different types of storage devices that use different kinds of media. The most common storage device in use today is a hard disk drive. Other kinds of media that are used include flash memory, magnetic tapes, and optical discs. In some cases, such as with tmpfs, the computer's main memory (random-access memory, RAM) is used to create a temporary file system for short-term use.
Some file systems are used on local data storage devices;[1] others provide file access via a network protocol (for example, NFS,[2] SMB, or 9P clients). Some file systems are "virtual", meaning that the supplied "files" (called virtual files) are computed on request (e.g. procfs) or are merely a mapping into a different file system used as a backing store. The file system manages access to both the content of files and the metadata about those files. It is responsible for arranging storage space; reliability, efficiency, and tuning with regard to the physical storage medium are important design considerations.
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